The phenomena presented by persons under the Influence of Animal Magnetism or Mesmerism are various, as well as the methods by which the effects are produced. The former are classed under six degrees, as "follows. The latter will be presented under Modes of Procedure..

1st Degree.—THE WALKING STAGE.—In which the subject may, or may not, have been affected, although operated upon. It presents no phenomena, the intellect and senses retaining, apparently, their usual powers and susceptibility.

2nd Degree.—THE TRANSITION STAGE.—In which the subject is under Imperfect control, most of the mental faculties retaining their activity. Of the senses, vision is impaired, and the eye withdrawn from the control of the subject. That may also be termed the sub-hypnotic stage.

3rd Degree.—THE SLEEPING STAGE.—In which the mesmeric sleep, or coma, is complete. The senses refuse toperform their respective functions. The subject is, therefore, unconscious to pain. In this stage he; can be catalepsed, and his mind automatically influenced, by whatever position his body may be placed by the operator.

4th Degree.—THE SOMNAMBULISTIC OR SLEEP-WALKING STAGE.—Under which the subject "wakes up', within himself. The faculties become responsive to mesmeric influence, direction, and suggestion, the sensitive becoming largely an irresponsible agent—thinking, seeing and hearing only as permitted or as directed by the mesmerist. It is in this stage that the phenomesmeric and mostly all other experiments are conducted, whether deemed mesmeric or hypnotic. The lower form of the degree is designated by the mesmeric-psychological state.

5th Degree.—THE LUCID SOMNAMBULISTIC: STAGE.—In which, in additionto the phenomena indicated in the 4th Degree, that of lucid vision, or clairvoyance (including . thought-transference, introvision, and prevision), is manifested. In this state the patient is able to obtain a clear knowledge of his own internal, mental, and bodily state, is able to calculate the nature of his, or her disease, prescribe suitable remedies, and foreshadow the termination of attack. The patient placed en rapport or in sympathy with a third person, is enabled in their case to exercise thesame faculty of internal inspection, diagnosis and abilityto prescribe and foreshadow the results of treatment

6th Degree.—THE INDEPENDENT OR SPIRITUAL STAGE,—In this the patient's vision is not limited by space or sympathy. He passes wholly,. as in the last stage partially, beyond the control of the operator.

The phenomena occurring under the. first four degrees are exceedingly common to all mesmerists. Those of the fifth degree, although not so common, are well authenticated under old mesmeric processes. They have not been produced under the now-popular' hypnotic method. The sixth degree, although rare, is well substantiated by the best authorities on the subject. The fifth and sixth degrees seem to indicate that man has a soul, or spiritual existence, or that he is a spirit even now, although clothed in a body. This idea is rejected by many of our leading men of science and by all materialists. Spirit is about "the last thing; they can give in to" Their thoughts and conceptions of things axe, of necessity, largely moulded by their favourite studies and pursuits in the physical and material.

The stages described are not progressive and developed in sensitives in the order indicated, but rather, states produced according to the temperamental condition or peculiarities of organism in persons operated upon, the majority of whom never pass the fourth stage. All phases may be developed in one subject; some may pass rapidly into the fifth or sixth stage without apparently having passed through the others. Some subjects seem to have a natural fitness for one class of phenomena and not another. Those adapted for the higher phases of thought transference, or sympathetic thought-reading, would be degraded or injured (that is, their powers obscured), were they reduced to the buffooneries of the public platform; while those most suited for" public entertainments, seldom,or never are fitted for' the exhibition of the higher stages of the fourth' degree, and certainly never for the fifth and sixth. This explains why the. phenomena of the higher degrees have been so fugitive or unreliable. Mesmerists, straining for effect, or carried away by some previous successes, have; endeavoured to reproduce" them, and, in doing so, have injured their sensitives,-not knowing that these phenomena, depend more upon certain nervous and psychic conditions in the sensitive, than in the mesmeric powers of direction-possessed by theoperator.

1 mention the foregoing as a warning and a precaution. Mesmerists should bring the sobriety of calmness—a scientific watchfulness—into all their operations. They should always remember that, while their influence according to the adaptability, may predispose to the development. of the higher . phases of the phenomena in their subjects, it is only a development—the faculties must be innate in the latter, by which the phenomena are expressed,

MODES OF PROCEDURE.

Having thus briefly pointed out the various: recognised stages of phenomena, I shall now glance at the Modes of Procedure successfully adopted by various operators. The first of these are the mesmerists who accept the theory of nervous fluid; susceptible of being influenced and producingan influence, as the primary operating agent, in these phenomena.. Next are the Hypnotists, an important class, of whom Dr. Braid, of Manchester, was the founder. There is much to be said in favour of his views. A full explanation of them would be too tedious and technical for a work of this wind. To his credit, it must be said, he was the first who did justice to the individuality or personal powers of the sensitive. He reproduced many of the effects induced by mesmerists without, what he denied, mesmeric influence, or the influence of a second person, and accounted for the phenomena by supposing that there is "a derangement of the cerebro-spinal centres and of circulating and respiratingand muscular systems, induced by a fixed state, absolute repose of body fixed attention and suppressed respiration, concurrent with fixity of attention." Also he expressed his opinion "that the whole depended on the physical and psychical condition of the patient, arising from the causes referred to, and not at all on the volition or passes of the operator throwing out amagnetic fluid or exciting into activity some mystical universal fluid or medium." Had Mr. Braid been living now he would have been surprised to see how his ideas have been developed in certain quarters, and that with very chary acknowledgment to himself.

Following Braid Dr. Rudolph Heidenhain, Professor of Physiology at the University of Breslau, stands next highest in order of Hypnotists. After Heidenhain, and contemporary with him as a specialist, was the late Dr. Carpenter. He placed Mesmerism and Spiritualism in the same category, and accounts for the Whole of the phenomena said to occur in connection with either to "unconscious mental cerebration," "dominant ideas" and '"expectancy."

Closely following Heidenhain and Dr. Carpenter came include in their practice the suggestions and methods of Braid, Heidenhain and Carpenter.

The methods adopted by mesmerists in a large degree vary. Each operator will have his own special mode. Some of these may foe of interest, and help those who may possibly undertake to experiment on their own account.

However, let none lightly enter upon the task, unless they are adapted for the work. Many persons have very foolishly done so—commenced to try experiments with no other knowledge than that of having seen some other person's experiment. Some years ago I gave a successful series of demonstrations at the Queen's Rooms, Bold Street, Liverpool. A gentleman residing in Rootle was present with his family one evening. On returning home he thought, for the "fun of the thing," he would "try his hand." He had no doubt but he could do just as well as myself, as he afterward told me. He succeeded in putting his footman asleep, and of getting him to do several things, which he (the gentleman), his family, and servants enjoyed amazingly. He wasin raptures with his more than expected success, the subject being exceedingly passive and docile inhis hands. He however, forgot how to de-mesmerise, or wake the subject up. Becoming perplexed and excited, the poor footman followed suit. One person suggested one thing, another, another thing. This gentleman tried to carry out the various suggestions, but the poor-victim was fast retrograding from bad to worse. Smelling salts were applied to his nose and water thrown over him; these efforts only unduly excited him. He groaned and cried, and acted in a very strange manner. A messenger was sent into town; at considerable trouble I was found, and at four o'clock in the morning arrived at his house. I saw how thing stood, and proceeded to demesmerise his footman by the followingprocess:—I got every person in the house who had touched the young man to take hands and join in a circle, the gentleman who had mesmerised the youth taking his (the footman's left hand, while I completed the circle by taking his right hand.' I counselled passivity and calmness on all, and explained to them the risk of indiscriminating experiments, and thedangers which might arise therefrom, and pointed out that this was a bad case of

"Cross-Mesmerism." By forming the circle, 1 sought to tone down the tumult, calm the patient, and subject all to my own influence. At the end of fifteen minutes I broke up the circle, placed myself in dominant contact with the patient, and de-mesmerised him. The lesson was not readily forgotten by either the gentleman or his servants. The former had a course of instruction, and became afterwards a very successful mesmerist.

DELAUZES MODE OF PROCEDURE.

Using his own words,'"Once you will be agreed and determined to treatthe matter seriously, remove from the patient all those persons who might occasion you any restraint, do not keep with you any but the necessary witnesses (only one if possible), and require of them, not to interfere by any means in the 'processes which you employ and in the effects which are the consequences of them, but to combine with you doing good service to the patient "Manage so as to have neither too much heat nor cold, so that nothing may constrain the freedom of your movements, and take every precaution not to be interrupted during the sitting.

"Then take your patient, sit in the most convenient manner possible opposite to him, or her, on a seat somewhat higher, so that his knees may be between yours, and that your' feet may be between his. First, require him to resign himself, to think of nothing, not to distract Ms mind in order to examine the effects he will experience to banish every fear r indulge in hope, and not to be uneasy or discouraged if the action of magnetism produce in him momentary pain. After matters are well adjusted, take Ms thumbs between your two fingers, so that the interior of your thumb may touch the interior of his, and fix your eyes on Mm. You will remain from two to five minutes in this position, until you feel that an equal heat is established between Ms thumbs, and yours, This being done, you will draw back your hands, separating them to the right and leftand turning them so that the inner surface may be on the outside, and you will raise them a little higher than the head, then you will place them on the two shoulders, you will leave them there for about a minute, and you will bring them down the arms as far as the ends of the fingers, slightly touching them. You will recommence the pass five or six times turning away your hands and separating them a little from the body, so as to re-ascend. You will then place your hands abovethe head; you will keep them there for a moment,' and you will bring them down, passing in front of the face, at the distance of one or two inches, as far as the pit ofthe stomach; there you will stop for about two minutes, placing your thumbs on the pit of the stomach and the other fingers below the ribs. Then you .will descend slowly along the body as far as the knees, or better and if you can without incommoding yourself to the .extremity of the feet. You will repeat the same process during the greater part of the sitting; you will also approach the patient sometimes, so as to place your hands behind his shoulders, and let them descend slowly along the spine to the back, and from thence on to the haunches and along the thighs so far as the knees, or even to the feet. After the first pass you may dispense with placing the hands on the head, and make the subsequent passes on the arm. If no results are produced in half-an-hour, the sitting terminates, and the foregoing process is repeated again. The desired results will take place at the end of the second or of some subsequent sitting.

Slow work, one would think; yet this is a fair specimen of the older methods of operating, and one from which the best results accrued. One of the great secrets of mesmeric success is indomitable perseverance, patience, and capacity for slow, plodding work.

MR. COLQUHOUN'S MODE OF PROCEDURE. This gentleman's method and explanations are exceedingly "interesting. He says, "The magnetic treatment Is usually administered with the hand,. and is thence . called manipulation. The usual method is to stroke repeatedly with the palms of the hands and fingers in one direction downwards from the head to the feet; and in returning to throw the hands round in a semi-circle, running the palms out side in order not to disturb the effects of the direct stroke. To magnetize in the contrary direction, that is from the feet upward towards the head, not only counteracts the effects of the former method, but frequently operates of itself prejudicially, especially in the case of irritable subjects. If we attempt to operate with the back of the hands, no effect whatever will probably be produced upon the patient.

"If, in the course of this process, the hands or fingers of the operator are made actually to touch the body of the patient, it is called manipulation with contact: if on the contrary, the operation Is conducted at some distance, it is called manipulation in distance. The manipulation with contact is of two kinds; it is accompanied either with considerable pressure or with light touching—manipulation (with strong or with light contact. The manipulation with strong universally prevalent mode of operating".

In my experience the best results have been produced by passes at distance and by light contact. Any other treatment of fine subjects and sensitive patients would unduly excite nervous irritation and cerebral activity. This must beavoided if the object of the passes is to produce sleep, alleviate pain, or cure disease.

CAPT. JAMES' MODE OF PROCEDURE.

It affords me great pleasure to reproduce the remarks of this gentleman. Personally, I consider that Captain James was the most successful mesmerist since the days of Dr. Elliotson, whose friend and pupil he was. This gallant British officer served his country in the 90th Light Infantry, and had many opportunities of 'witnessing and testing mesmeric phenomena at home and abroad. Such personal acquaintance as I fortunately had with this gentleman convinced me, he was a man of the most sterling character, intellectual and moral—one imbued not only with a strong sense of honour, but a deep and compassionate sympathy for suffering, kindly and unpretentious in all his ways- He never was a public mesmerist, and all the good he did—in a large, wide and well-known circle—was a free gift—a, worthy pupil of a noble tutor, truly.

He writes—"It is recommended that the mesmerist should direct his patient either to place himself in an easy-chair, or lie down on a couch, so that . he may be perfectly at ease. The mesmerist then, either standing or seated oppositehis patient, should place his hand with extended fingers, over the head, and make passes slowly down' to the extremities, as near as possible to the face and body without touching the patient, taking care at the end of each pass to close his hand until he returns to the head, when he should extend his fingers and proceed as before.. It is also useful, after making several, of these passes, to point the fingers close to the patient's' eyes, which procedure in many cases, has more effect than the passes. This simple process should be continued for about twenty minutes at the first seance, and may be expected to produce more or less effect according to the susceptibility of the patient. Should the operator perceive any signs of approaching sleep, he should persevere (with the passes until the eyes close, and should he then observe a quivering of the eyelids, he may be pretty certain that his efforts will be successful.

"Sometimes slow breathing, or placing the hand on the forehead, will deepen the sleep; but the beginner should, as a rule, avoid concentrating the mesmeric force on the head or region of theheart, and confine himself as much as possible to the passes, aux grands courants, as the French Writers term them, i.e., the long slaw passes from the head to the feet. Should the above described signs of mesmeric coma not declare themselves at the end of twenty or thirty minutes, the mesmerist should ask the patient whether he felt any peculiar sensation during the process, and if so, whether they Were more apparent during the passes or when the fingers were pointed at the eyes. By these inquiries he will soon learn the best method of mesmerising applicable to each particular case, and he should not be disheartened if he does not succeed in producing marked effects at the first or even after successive seances. Pain may be removed and diseases cured or greatly alleviated without the production of sleep, and many patients succumb at length who have for many weeks been apparently unaffected and proof against all the resources of the mesmerisers.

"Supposing sleep to be at length induced, the next and very important question is haw to awaken the patient. With most sensitives this is a very easy process, for merely blowing or fanning over the head and face with a few transverse passes will at once dispel sleep. Should, however, the patient experience a difficulty in opening his eyes, then with the tips of his thumbs the operator should rub firmly and briskly over the eyebrows from the root of the nose outwards towards the temples, and finish by blowing or fanning, taking special care before leaving the patient in that condition judging from the expression of his normal state. As a rule, the patient should not be left until the operator is perfectly satisfied that he is wide-awake.

"There are certain cases, however, where the sensitives should be allowed to sleep for two or three hours, or even more, and particularly when lengthened sleep has been prescribed by the patients themselves. Cure must be taken to ascertain that they can be left alone with impunity. The majority may be; but there are cases where the operator should not be absent during the sleep. With a little observation the mesmeriser should be able to distinguish between such cases, and learn to adapt his treatment according to the peculiar temperament or constitution of each patient, "Should there be a difficulty in arousing the patient the mesmeriser may frequently bargain with him as to haw long the sleep is to last; and should he promise to awake in the course of one or two hours, he will generally fulfil his promise by waking almost at the very minute named. The mesmeriser may also insist that his patient should awake at a certain time, and will in most cases be obeyed.

"This power of acting or impressing the patient's mind may be carried into and continued in the normal or waking state, and might be used with good effect in treatment of dipsomania and other morbid habits so that the patient would in many cases, inconsequence of the impressions made' during his sleep, be led to entertain an actual disgust at the mere smell of alcoholic liquor.

"The patient during his sleep can frequently give valuable directions to his mesmeriser both as to the best methods of mesmerising him and the most effective means of terminating the sleep. In some rare cases the sleep is so prolonged, in spite of all the operator's efforts to dispel it, that he is alarmed, and the patient becomes affected in his fears. ABOVE ALL THINGS, THE MESMERISER SHOULD PRESERVE HIS PRESENCE OF MIND, and he may be assured that the longest sleep will end spontaneously.

"It may as well be observed in this place that the patient should not be touched by anyone but his mesmeriser unless he wish it or at least gives his consent. He can perhaps, bear the touch of certain individuals, and may express a repugnance to be touched by others, and this quite irrespective of attachment or repulsion with regard to those individuals in his normal state. With most sensitives it is quite immaterial who or how many people touch them, but there are occasionally cases when, by so touching them, a very distressing state, called Cross-Mesmerism, is produced, and the more particularly in the cases of patients who are naturally highly nervous and, perhaps hysterical. It is in these cases, of Cross-Mesmerism that we most often find a difficulty in determining the sleep."

The foregoing is a pretty full extract. I give it because it presents, in the simplest form, the procedure of the best class of mesmerists. The entire absence of technicalities and pedantic language has also much to recommend it to my readers. In it we find that perseverance, diligence, and presence of mind are the essential requisites for a mesmerist; that certain methods of operation are adopted as expressive of the twill and determination. of the mesmerist to produce certain results; that the phenomena not only vary in different patients, but. at different periods in the same patient. The method of awaking, the curative and phenomena of suggestion, or the power of impressions made during sleep, are also faithfully and simply pointed out.

HYPNOTISM.

There are several degrees in sleep, and various-stages, or states, in Mesmerism. So there are different hypnotic states. These are said to be three in, number, and, from their characteristics, they approximate in a marked degree to the second, third and fourth stages of mesmerism. By Braid, Heidenhain, Charcot, and Richer these hypnotic states are classified as the CATALEPTIC, the LETHARGIC and the SOMNAMBULISTIC.

In the first, or Cataleptic stage, the subject-possesses no volition, does not respond to mental or verbal suggestions,—nervous muscular excitability appears to be absent—and in whatever position the various parts of the body are placed, they will remain in that position.

In the second, or Lethargic stage, the subject is a helpless lump of insanity; the muscles are unflexed, flaccid, and flabby, the eyes are closed, and the body is in all respects like that conditioned by a dead faint, or, in a lesser degree, by the coma of drunkenness.

Surgical operations can be performed in either stage without real or apparent pain to the subject

The third, or Somnambulistic stage, approximates to the fourth degree of Mesmerism. The subject acts as if in a dream,—but he acts the dream— such as may be suggested by the operator. The phenomena elicited in this stage are complex, so much depending on the temperament and phrenological aptitudes of the subject. With good subjects, memory, reflection, and imagination can be intensified and exalted, the past recalled to the present, and action done therein confessed, should such be determined upon by the operator. As in Mesmerism these states vary—may be developed one after the other on the same subject. The majority of hypnotic subjects pass from the cataleptic to the somnambulistic without any apparent intervening condition. Dr. Braid's Mode of Procedure.I give his plan in his own words:—"Take any bright object (I generally use my lancet case) between thethumb and fore and middle fingers of the left hand; hold it from about eight to fifteen inches from the eyes, at such a position above the forehead as may be necessary to produce the greatest possible strain upon the eyes and the eyelids, and enable the patient to maintain a steady, fixed stare at the object. The patient must be made to understand that he must keep the eyes steadily fixed on the object. It will be observed that, owing to the consensual adjustment of the eyes, the pupils will be at first contracted, they will shortly begin to dilate, and after they have done so to a considerable extent, and have assumed a very wary position, if the fore and middle fingers of the right hand, extended and a little separated, are carried from the object toward the eyes, most likely the eyelids will close involuntarily, with a vibratory motion. "If this is not the case, or the patient allows the eyeballs too move, desire him to begin again, giving him to understand that he is to allow the eyelids to close when the fingers are again carried to the eyes, but that the eyeballs must be kept fixed on the same position, and the mind riveted to the one idea of the object held above the eyes."

Here we find although Dr. Braid avows that the influence of a second person is not necessary, he exercises his own will in a marked manner. He directs the attention of the patient, gives him to understand he must do something—i.e., in this instance he must steadily gaze on a bright object, so as to weary the optic nerves and exhaust the muscles of the eyes. Here the will of the operator is exercised: in a large measure. His methods induce inhibition of the nerve centres which govern the optic nerve The control obtained is inferior to the ordinary mesmeric method—it is first physical, and then mental. The subject concludes, unconsciously though it be, and having lost the sense of sight and the control of his own vision, that the operator can do whatever he pleases, and the subject passively, intuitively falls in with the impressions and directions of the operator accordingly. But the results achieved by the best hypnotic processes fall far short of those attained by the older and calmer operations of" Mesmerism,

Dr. Braid, being a man who had the courage of his convictions, and therefore just such a person who was most likely to be a successful operator, commenced to investigate the subject with the intention to expose what he esteemed a swindle. The ultimate results of his experiments proved the reality of mesmeric phenomena. He also was obliged to admit that the hypnotic state was a new discovery, not identical with the mesmeric sleep or coma, but in some measure allied thereto. He found abundant evidence from his own experiments of the reality of an induced state—nervous, mesmeric, or hypnotic sleep—which could be produced artificially; that in that state the senses, with the exception of sight, were wonderfully exalted—for instance, hearing and small became intensified. "Thus a patient who could not hear the ticking of a watch beyond three feet when awake, could do so when hypnotised at a distance of thirty-five feet, and walk to it in a direct line without difficulty or hesitation. Smell in like manner is so wonderfully exalted that a patient has been able to trace a rose through the air, when held forty-six feet, from her."

The reality of the phenomena grew upon this ardent and painstaking investigator and while adhering to his theoretical conceptions, he found in Hypnotism a new and powerful curative agent—rheumatism of ten years standing, deafness, neuralgia lumbago, spinal irritation, paralysis of sense and motion, St. Vitus' dance, tonic spasm, diseases of the skin, and many other apparently intractable diseases became obedient to his mystic power and departed. "I am quite certain" he said, "that Hypnotism incapable of throwing a patient in that state in which he shall be entirely unconscious of the pain of a surgical operation, or of greatly moderating it, according 'to the" time allowed and the mode of management-resorted to."

Dr. Braid also found that illusions, by impressions or suggestion, created in the mind of a subject in the hypnotic state were always, faithfully acted upon in their waking condition.

PROF. HEIDENHAIN'S MODES OF PROCEDURE are apparently very simple—1st, such as monotonous stroking of the temples or nose; and, by monotonous sounds such as the ticking of a watch. Experiment as follows:—Professor Heidenhain placed three chairs with their backs against a table, upon which he had previously placed his watch. Three persons sat down upon the chairs, with their attention directed to the monotonous ticking of the watch, and. all three fell asleep. Here again the sleep and any-attending phenomena is brought about by acting upon the physical first, the mental following.' Dr. Braid wearies the eyes, and exhausts the inferior and lateral muscles. Heidenhain, by the wel-known connection of the skin to the nervous system, produces weariness in the censorium—-through the inhibition of the sense of feeling—by stroking the skin; of hearing, by the monotonous ticking of the watch. The persons operated upon are necessarily pretty sensitive to his will, expressed by determined suggestion. A sudden fright has been known to produce the hypnotic condition. I have seen a cat catalepsed on a yardwallby a broom being thrown at it; a thief catalepsed a the sudden fear of detection. Hypnotism is not Mesmerism. In Mesmerism the 5th and 6th degrees previously referred to are frequently induced—in Hypnotism never. In the mesmeric state the senses, as a rule, are temporarily suspended—the subject feels, tastes, or smells in sympathy with or through his mesmeriser; in the hypnotic state the senses are exalted, their power intensified as already described. In the former the mental faculties have a refined, definite, and coherent action; in the latter, a?, in dreaming, any illusion created by the operator appears to be a reality. In the mesmeric, the sleep is calm, refreshing, and curative, the pulse slow and rhythmic; in the hypnotic state the respiration is frequently irregular, accompanied by slight convulsive movements, nausea and vomiting, and general prostration of the nervous system. Hypnotism is, of course, modified by the temperament, character, and health of the subject; so is Mesmerism,.for that matter, but the foregoing out of many observed instances serve to point out the essential difference between the two states. The Hypnotism of Charcot, Mm. Bourru, Butot, Voisin, and others—Heidenhain, for that matter,—are but modifications of the discovery of Br. Braid. "I do not pretend to say that it (Mesmerism) can never do harm, but I can say that in all cases which I have seen treated myself, of which a great number occurred in nervous individuals affected . with various diseases—even with diseases of hearty which would appear most liable to suffer from all extraordinary excitation—the effect of magnetic process in general and of sleep in particular has always been calming, and in no instance has it been disagreeable to the patient; it acted, moreover, in a beneficial manner upon their health."—Dr. Gregory, late Professor of Materia Medica, University of Edinburgh.

I cannot say this about Hypnotism. That it has its useful and beneficient side must be admitted, yet no power can be more degraded, I never knew Mesmerism, properly applied, do harm. Hypnotism is a coarser form of Mesmerism and is induced by various means, as already indicated.

The mesmeric and the hypnotic states are often confounded with one another, but they are distinct if allied. In the first the subject has an inward illuminated condition—a strong moral and spiritual individuality—a penetration and clear-headedness marked and distinct; in the latter subject is a creature of circumstances, and the circumstances may be good, bad, or indifferent.